The scope of this volume is intentionally broad. We review applications of spatially realistic occupancy models and age or stagestructured demographic models as well as individualbased demographic models. These three main Population Viability Analysis PVA approaches initially are compared with other conservation assessment tools in an overview by Akcakaya Lacy and SjogrenGulve and Hanski with a special chapter on plant PVAs by Menges all using illustrative examples. Fleishman et al. subseque